LAD #21 Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie, one of America's richest powerhouses, earned his wealth in iron and steel. His ideas on the distribution of wealth are discussed in his "Gospel of Wealth". He believes that the conditions of human life has been changed and revolutionized to where there is a huge contrast between the palace of a millionaire and the cottage of a laborer. Carnegie believes that this is a change that is highly beneficial and essential for the progress of the race. Some houses should be of the highest standard rather than there be no high standard houses at all. There are three mode in which surplus wealth can be disposed of. It can be left to the families of decedents, bequeathed for public purposes, or administered during tehir lives by its possessors. The first is the most injudicious and goes back to the monarchial times when the wealth was passed down to the first born son. The second mode means that a man will have to wait til he is dead before the money becomes of much good in the world. The third mode is the true antidote for the temporary unequal distribution of wealth. The ideal state is when the surplus wealth of the few will become the property of the many because this wealth can be a force fo th elevation of the race if the money is distributed in small sums to the people. The duty of the man of Wealth is to set an example of modest living, to provide moderatley for the legitimate ants fo those dependent on him and consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust funds where he is the administer.

LAD #20 Emancipation Proclamation

Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, proclaimed on the first day of January 1863 that persons held as slaves in the states of Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana (except a few territories), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia shall be free. He declared this by the power vested in him as Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy in the time of actual armed rebelion and as a fit and necessary war measure for supressing said rebellion. He also proclaimed that the executive government of the US will recognize adn maintain the freedom of the freed slaves. He hopes that the people that were freed will abstain from any violence, unless it is necessary for self-defense. He also recommends that the freed slaves labor faithfully for reasonable wages. The freed slaves will be received intot he armed service of the United States to man vessels of all sorts in the service. He believes this is an act of justice warranted by the Constitution upon military necessity. He finishes by saying that he sets his hand to cause the seal of the United States to be affixed to the Proclamation.

LAD #19 Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address

Lincoln states that as this is the second appearance of him taking oath there is less occasion for an extended address. At the expiration of four years, where the phase of the great contest still absorbs the nation there is little that is new that could be presented. Four years ago all thoughts were anxiously towards an impending civil war where many sought to avert it and all dreaded it. Lincoln says that his first inaugural address was devoted to saving the Union without war while in the city there were agents who were seeking to destroy the Union with war. He believes that the South would have rather had war than let the nation survive and the North would rather have accepted the war than let the nation perish so the war came. The government originally claimed no right to do more than to restrict slavery in the new territories. Lincoln says that neither side expected that the war would be long or that it would be hard and neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with or before the war. Each side reads the same Bible and prays to the same God and yet we are fighting against another. Lincoln finishes his speech by saying that they should finish the work that is already half way dond to bind the nation's wounds.

LAD #18 Dred Scott Decision

The Court did not take into consideration the larger issues of black citizenship and the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise, although it did rule in favor of Sanford. Supreme Justice Roger B. Taney was the one to review whether Dred Scott, a slave of African descent. Taney ended up deciding that as a slave Scott was not even a citizen of the United States. Therefore he had no right to even sue or bring his case to the court. Taney believed that Scott was "property" of whoever his owner was. This decision meant that all slaves were considered property and not citizens or humans. They had no personal liberties and were confined to their cages, ruled by their owners. Taney went on to say that Congress did not have the right to abolish slavery within the states. This would mean that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. This was controversial since the issue of slavery was now to be debated even more hotly than before. It was to be debated since "slave" and "free" states that would be admitted to the country may disrupt the balance in Congress. Now they could not even keep the balance in Congress since Congress did not have the right to say slavery was not allowed in a state.

LAD #17 Ain't I a Woman

There are slaves in the South and women of the North that are talking about the rights of women which will put the white men in a fix. The men say that woman are dainty and need to be "helped into carriages, and lifed over ditches." However, Sojourner Truth says that nobody helps her into carriages or over mud-puddles. She is a woman that does not need the help of men and that has worked hard. She has ploughed, planted, and gathered which are normally male jobs. She believes that intellect has nothing to do with women's rights. She then questions the gender of Christ since the men say that Christ was a male, but she asks "where did your Christ come from?" She believes that if the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down then women should be able to turn it right side up and now women are asking to do that so the men better let them.

LAD #16 5th of July

Douglass starts out by asking the citizens what he or the people he represents has to do with their nation independence. He wishes that an affirmative answer could be returned for the questions he asks at the beginning of his speech because his task would be easier if that were so.  July 4th has a lack of importance to him as a former slave because he was not emancipated on that day and instead, 100+ years later he was still a slave. The celebration means nothing to any slave since they are still kept in slavery and have no rights of their own. Instead they are bound by laws and by racism to their masters. He believes that the slaves are victims to the cruel nation of America.

LAD #15 Gettysburg Address

the fathers of this nation brought forth a new country that was conceived in liberty and dedicated to the idea that all men were created equal. Mainly Lincoln commemorates all of the soldiers and men who had died in the Gettysburg battle. This address was meant to remind everyone that war is not glamorous and that many had died fighting for their beliefs. The Civil War had started due to sectionalism, slavery, and economics. Lincoln blessed the soldiers in their final resting place.

LAD #14 President Lincoln's First Inaugural Address

Lincoln starts out by assuring the Southern states that he will not endanger their property, peace or personal security. Many southerners were afraid that if a Republican were voted into office their personal property (slaves) would be taken away. Lincoln wanted to make sure that his statements in the election, that he would not take on the issue of slavery, would not be recanted and he would leave that issue alone because he does not believe he has the lawful right to do nor does he have any inclination to do so. The right of the states to control its own domestic institutions according to its own judgment is essential to the balance of power on which the country's political fabric depends on. Lincoln also states that he will keep the fugitive slave act in place, which required a runaway slave to be returned if they escaped into another state. Lincoln's main objective was to keep the Union together since it had been around for a time and must be preserved. He argued that it is unconstitutional for a state to cede from the Union, but that it was a touchy topic since events like this were not written in the Constitution. Above all Lincoln believed civil war must be avoided to maintain the prosperity America had achieved.

LAD #13 John Calhoun's Speech

John Calhoun talks about slavery in his speech. It has been an argument that has dated bate many years. However, Calhoun seems to definitely be a southerner as he is an advocate of slavery. He understands that some in the North think slavery is inhumane and could be considered a crime. However, for Calhoun slavery would not be a problem if not for the numerous compromises, like the Missouri Compromise, that deal with slavery. These compromises are all brought about due to government intervention. He believes that the Missouri Compromise will only benefit the North instead of the South. He asks where the issue of slavery will leave the United States as a country. He proposes that the North should nullify the compromise so the break in the Union will be avoided and the persistent arguments on slavery will end.
The main question that Calhoun asking and attempting to answer is how can the Union be preserved?
The South has been too negatively affected with all these compromises and therefore arguments on the issue of slavery will persist.

LAD #12 Polk's War Message

President James Polk addresses America's issues with the Mexican government which would include the Texas boundary and the poor treatment of the American citizens in the War Message in 1846. He states that the United States has a strong desire to establish peace with Mexico. Both countries wished for negotiations that would cause better relations between the two countries. Polk gives a recollection on how he sent a diplomat, John Slidell, to Mexico with full negotiation powers, meaning he had the power to negotiate a treaty or deal. John Slidell was sent to purchase territory and the Mexicans were not happy so they sent him home. Polk decided that an army should be built in Del Norte just in case the Mexicans attacked, which they later did. This fueled anger and hatred towards the Mexicans. The trade between the countries was heavily suffering. However, Polk hoped, despite these events, that peaceful agreements could be met. He warns the nation and asks them to prepare anyways due to the fact that a war seemed very likely between Mexico and the United States.

LAD #11 Declaration of Sentiments from the Seneca Falls Convention

Mankind has a history of injuries and usurpation on the part of man towards a woman. This being that men have had an establishment of tyranny over women. The facts are:

Women do not have the right to the elective franchise.
Women are required to obey laws in which they had no say in the writing of.
Women have been withheld from their rights which even the most degrading of men have held.
Elective franchise has been withheld which shows that men oppress women on all sides.
If a woman is married she is in the eyes of the law civilly dead.
She is morally irresponsible as she can commit crimes with impunity as long as she is in the presence of her husband; she must also be obedient to her husband.
Divorce is in the hands of the husband.
Men have monopolized profitable employments and from the ones she is permitted to follow women receive a small payment.
If a woman is single and owns property she is required to pay taxes.
She is allowed in church, but not in any important positions.
Women, because of men, have lower self-esteems.

After all of these complaints there are resolutions that would fix these infractions upon women. Some of them include:
A woman is man's equal.
The same amount of virtue, delicacy, and refinement of behavior that is required of woman in the social state.

LAD #10 Monroe Doctrine

In the Monroe Doctrine, James Monroe made a statement on behalf of the American country that was aimed towards the European foreign powers. This statement warned the European nations of colonizing anymore of the New World. The United States believed that the European powers should keep to their domestic affairs and focus on domestic issues rather than be worried about colonies in foreign nations. The country believed that colonial ventures in the New World should end. The United States warned that an attempt to colonize new nations in the New World would be a threat to American national security. This would mean that the United States would take appropriate actions against the invading foreign power, which would include war. Mexico and Chile were recognized as countries by the United States. This helped with a new era of independence in the New World, since former Spanish colonies were freed and the United States was freed from British rule.

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LAD #9: Jefferson Inaugural Address

Jefferson talks of how America is a developing country that will become strong and he is proud to become the President of. Jefferson humbly tells the listeners that the power is in the hands of the people. He refers to the Constitution and says that with the authorities provided by the Constitution he will "find resources of wisdom, or virtue and zeal on which to rely under all difficulties". This basically means that he will try his best and use all his wisdom when he comes across a difficulty. He mentions the Constitution many times, but this is most likely due to the fact that he was a "strict constitutionist" which means that he strictly abided by the Consitution. He also says that the people must arrage themselves under the will of the law. He believes that although the will of the majority may prevail in all cases, the will most be reasonable. He says that all possess equal rights which equal law must protect. He says that he will do whatever is in his power to keep the people equal and to maintain equal justice for everybody. He ends with saying that he will do to the best of his abilities the best for the new nation.

Columbus Blog #8

In my opinion Christopher Columbus would be considered as a villian. I believe this because once he landed in what he thought were the West Indies, in which he was VERY mistaken since he actually landed in the Caribbean, he basically demolished the Arawk, or mistakenly called Indians, population. These people did not know his intentions, mainly gold, glory, and God, and ran out to greet him with many gifts, mostly their possessions. These were very peaceful people and because of his thirst for gold he tortured and pretty much decimated their tribe when questioning about where the gold was. How could they have known that Columbus only wanted gold? Bits of gold were worn in the Arawaks ears, but there were no true "gold fields" that Columbus had fanatasized about (Zinn 3). Once the Arawak population was close to not being a population and Columbus could find no "gold field", instead of admitting defeat he relentlessly captured and tortured the rest of the Arawaks continuously looking for gold when there was none. He basically fasified his reports, some were true and some were not so true, because they were overly exaggerated. Since no gold was to be found and of course Columbus promised gold, there had to be some compensation. That compensation ended up being slaves. These slaves, Arawaks, were forcefully taken from their families and many died in captivity (Zinn 4). In a province in Haiti, Columbus had his men ordered all natives to collect gold if they were over the age of 14. They were responsible for collecting a certain amount of gold. However, Columbus' desperateness clouded the realization that there was NO gold. The natives who did not collect enough gold had their hands cut off and since there were no doctors proficient in sewing a hand back on or cauterizing a wound the natives would bleed to death. If they brought enough gold back they were given a copper token to wear around their necks (Zinn 4). Despite Columbus "finding the new world", even though Vikings actually discovered it first although there is no written record, he decimated a population of civil, more so than he was, and unselfish Arawak natives. He cut off their hands because they didn't give him gold, he left them to die because of his greed and selfishness. Columbus was not even right about the fact that he found the "West Indies". He found the Caribbean Islands and it seems odd that Columbus did not deduct that he was not in Asia considering there was no spices, silk, or people of Oriental descent living there, but then again he was probably in denial just like he was about the gold. For these reasons I think that Columbus should be considered a villian, despite his discovering America.

LAD #7: Washington's Farewell Address

The Farewell Address was given by Washington after completing his second term as the President of the United States. He mentioned how the citizens all fought together to gain a goal, the goal of independence. With this he explained that national unity is the key to success for the nation.He warned that the rise of new political parties would be a threat to the unified nation because it might break the unification of the nation. A lot of the citizens wished that he would run again, but he refused because he did not want the United States to become something of a monarchy or dictatorship. . A policy of isolationism was recommended as the new nation was still young and had yet to grow. Washington believed that the country should stay neutral and not become allies or enemies with any one nation. He believed that peace with the other nations would keep the US from harm caused by wars. In the Farewell Address the constitution was stated as an important part of the country and that people should follow the morals and rules of the document.

LAD #6: Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality

There is a huge European war that is going on between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, the United Netherlands, and France. Washington has declared that the United States will treat each warring country respectfully. He has advised the U.S citizens to not get involved with the warring countries and to avoid siding with any side. Any U.S citizen that is caught aiding the warring countries will not be protected by the United States from any punishment given by the winning warring country.

Republican Motherhood Blog

1. What role did the Revolutionary War play in the transformation of huswifery to Republican Motherhood?

The Revolutionary War played a part in the transformation of huswifery to Republican Motherhood.
Originally the women were supposed to be focused on raising children and taking care of the children but, after the war there was a lot of patriotism. This led to women being leaned upon to train and teach their children to be good citizens (Document A). After the Revolutionary War the colonists wanted good, loyal patriots to be the next up and coming citizens. They wanted the sons of the women well versed in the principles of liberty and government (Document B). Women were able to instruct their sons on how to be good citizens, maybe one day having a governmental position, because they ran the house and their offspring look up to them for guidance (Document A).

2. What were the consequences of the Republican Motherhood on women?

Women were given more responsibility in raising "good citizens" (Document A). There was a very high expectation for these women who not only had to manage the house and home, but also teach their sons the principles of government and liberty (Document B). Women, because of the Republican Motherhood, were given more tasks and responsibilities that were to be done for the sake of themselves and the country. All of the responsibilities could be considered as a burden and nuissance because "she may never herself step beyond the threshold" of her home meaning her work was only in the home (Document D).

3. What is the significance of the ideology of Republican Motherhood as a stage in the proccess of women's socialization?

There was a greater push for women to be educated in things that they normally would not be educated in like English, writing, geography, figures, bookkeeping, and chronology (Document D). This was so that a women would be at least educated enough to be able to teach their sons how to be good people. As the women became educated they were able to socialize much easier.

1. A women, Mrs. Tilghman is sitting on a couch with her two children. The dress of family shows that they could have some wealth. The child that is on the right is holding a bluejay. The women is holding a child on her lap. One child, the one on her lap, is wearing a dress while the other is wearing a blue suilt with a pinkish sash. The painting is of the home where the women spent time caring for their children.

2. In the center of the portrait is the women, Mrs. Tilghman because she is the one that will end up training the next generation of great citizens for the country. She is therefore the central figure in the household. She is not aristocratic because her hair is not in an overly fancy hairdo and her dress is not adorned with an excessive amount of jewels nor is she wearing any jewelry.

3. Her sons exhibit the importance of the women in society because the women are the ones that are training the new citizens. Her sons both look like good-natured and calm boys that were most likely taught to them by their mother.

4. The postition of the arm could symbolize the influence she has over her sons. The arm over the child could show that she is the protector and teacher to the child. This would mean that she has a significant amount of influence over her children.

LAD #5: Federalist #10

1. Why are factions so difficult to eliminate?

Factions are hard to eliminate because as man is at liberty to exercise his reason different opinions will form. Opinions can vary from others which can cause arguments. Different opinions can arise on religion, government and many other points. The most common source of factions has been the unequal distribution of property. The causes of faction are sown in the nature of man. The causes of factions are everywhere and are therefore hard to eliminate.

2. If factions cannot be removed then how can they be controlled?

If a faction consists of less than a majority then relief can be supplied by the republican principle. This would enable the majority to defeat its view by regular vote. If the majority is included in a faction, the form of popular governemnt enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion. A republic might be the best to control a faction. The republic has to be limited to a certain number to guard against the confusion of a multitude. Each representative will be chosen by a greater number of citizens in the large than in the small republic. Unworthy canidates will have more difficulty practicing the vicious arts of the elections.

LAD #4 Revolution Article

1. Paintings offered distorted views on the events of the Revolution and the war. The war paintings were glorified and did not showcase the brutality or the deaths of the soldiers. Paintings usually did not depict a battle scene, the closet one to a battle scene did not show anyone firing a shot or wielding a bayonet. The paintings were sanitized images of the war compared to the real photographs from the Civil War which showed the mangled bodies and careworn soldiers.

2. The Union and Confederate soldiers of the Civil War carried rifle that had an effective range nearly six times that of the muskets the men in the Continental Army carried. Although the rifles were less effective in the Revolution they were still deadly effective in killing and harming other soldiers.

3. The 18th century armies had to fight at close range due to the ineffectiveness of their rifles. Most of the fights frequently ended in bayonet charges and brutal hand to hand combat. These caused massive amounts of casualties for both sides. Armies fought in the open at a distance that is no greater than that from home plate to second base on a baseball field.

4. There was a lot of savagery in the war, especially in the South in 1780-81. Loyalist calvarymen, led by Colonel Banastre Tarleton, went on a rampage after the surrender of the Virginia Continentals in Waxhaws, S.C and slaughtered close to 75% of the rebels with their swords. The rebels were unarmed. This is often called the Waxhaw or Tarleton Massacre.

5. The Continental cavalry seeked revenge for all the massacres done by the British. In March 1781, the Continental cavalry, led by Colonel Henry Lee, killed up to ninety Loyalists from the Loyalist cavalry in Hillsborough, N.C. The Loyalists who were not killed were wounded badly while Lee's soldiers were not harmed and Lee did not lose a single man.

LAD #3: Declaration of Independence

1. Democratic Principles
The Declaration of Independence states that all men are equal and that they have certain unalienable rights that were given to them by their Creator. These rights would include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Declaration also states that it is the right of the people to abolish or get rid of a government that is believed to be corrupt and to institute a new government. The colonies were said to be free and independent and to be ruled by the people with representation for all.

2. Grievances
The king has refused to laws that would be necessary and good for the public.
The king has created new offices and sends a large amount of officers to the colonies to harass the colonists and eat their food.
British armies are standing armies in a time of peace that the colonists did not agree with allowing them to be there.
The colonies were cut off from trading with all parts of the world because the king ignored the colonists' Constitution and laws.
Britain did not allow laws establishing judiciary powers.
The king dissolved numerous representative houses for disagreeing with his acts and laws.

3. Conclusion
The colonists repeatedly apposed and petitioned against the acts and taxes that were set upon them, but Britain ignored their requests and gave out more taxes. Britain was warned many times of the consequences for extending unwarranted jurisdiction over the colonies. Britain never listened and the colonies have no choice but to split. The Declaration declares that the United Colonies are free and independent states that have no allegiance with the British Crown and all political connection with Britain is dissolved. The colonies have the right to govern themselves.

LAD #2: John Peter Zenger

1. John Peter Zenger was the printer of the New York Weekly Journal that immigrated from Germany. He was hired as the printer of the New York Weekly Journal by a group of wealthy men who opposed William Crosby, the Colonial Governor of New York. The Journal consistently criticized Governor Crosby, like removing Chief Justice Lewis Morris and replacing him with someone from the royal party, until Crosby had enough and arrested Zenger on charges of seditious libel.

2. The controversy was that Zenger was charged with seditious libel. Most of the public believed that the corruption under Crosby that was printed by Zenger's New York Weekly Journal was true so they were outraged over that fact that Zenger was arrested. Hamilton defended Zenger by pleading Zenger's case directly to the jury. He admitted that the stories that had offended Crosby were indeed published by Zenger, but "denied that it was libel unless it was false" (The Acquittal of John Peter Zenger). Hamilton appealed to the jury to look at both the facts and the law. Zenger was acquitted thanks to Hamilton's defense.

3. This acquittal established that there was a defense against libel suits. That defense was truth. Hamilton's victory showed that a statement could not be considered libelous if that statement can be proved to be true. This would apply even if the statement if defamatory or insulting. This also made judges focus more on what is the truth and what is not. After the ruling, a "precedent was set against judicial tyranny in libel suits" (The Acquittal of John Peter Zenger).

4. The ruling in favor of the defense was a victory for freedom of the press. The ruling basically affirmed freedom of the press. This affirmed freedom of the press because a journal or newspaper could potentially publicize an article that could be deemed defamatory or critical of a public official if the article was factual. Influential officials that could be considered corrupt could no longer have someone like Zenger arrested if what that person was printing was factual even if the official's ego was bruised.

LAD #1 Mayflower Compact & Fundamental Orders of Connecticut_Pictures

The pictures were not uploading for me and then I left the post and could not figure out how to edit it so I am uploading the pictures in this new post.

LAD #1 Mayflower Compact & Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

1. The Mayflower Compact states that the men who signed the document are going to combine to create a civil "Body Politick"(Mayflower Compact), or government. The government was to be for there for the sake of having an order to the new colony and preserving the colony. They were to have fair and "equal laws, ordinaces, acts, constitutions, and officers...as shall be thought...convenient for the general good of the colony" (Mayflower Compact). The general concept was to create a government that gave order to the settlement and was fair and just. Another concept of the government was that it had to preserve the colony and be for the good of the colony.

2. The Mayflower Compact frequently mentions the "Old World" and King James. The compact says that the men have come for the glory of God, advancement of the Christian faith and for the honor of their king. This would connect the compact to the old world because it states that they have come for the honor and on behalf of the old world. King James can be considered a part of the old world because he was the kind of England at the time of the signing of the compact. The complact reflects the "New World" by stating what the men want to create, which is a government that is for the good of the colony. They lay out what they want to establish and what the government will preserve for the new colony. The fact that they are setting up a government that is going to give order to the people shows the connection to the new world because they are focusing on how they are going to survive in the new world.

3. The Mayflower Compact only stated that a government would be set up to keep order and preserve just and fair laws while the Fundamental Orders is basically a rule sheet on how the government will be set up and what kind of acts it will approve. The Fundamental Orders has laws written in while the Mayflower Compact is only an agreement that fair and just laws, and a government will be set up.

4. The areas of Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield were going to combine on the River of Connectecotte. The belief was that since these areas were combining there should be peace among everyone. The people believed that according to God in order to maintain peace and union there should be a government that would handle the affairs of the newly combined area. In order to create the government and set rules on how the government should work the colonists had to write rules that came out in the form of a constitution.

5.  There are many rules as to how the government is set up. There are two general assemblies and they each meet on different days. Everyone in the first assemby is yearly chosen "from time to time". This would make it seem that the members of the assembly are not very well trusted if tehy are reelected yearly. Someone cannot be chosen newly into the Magistracy which would mean that a person would probably have to be approved by another assembly of sorts. The Governor always has to be a membor of some approved congregation. All of the requirements that are put on Magistracy and being a governor is set up because members of the new union do not want any one side or group to have too much power. These requirements, in their minds, would prevent this because anyone who wanted to a part of the government had to belong to mutiple approved congregations and had to be elected by approved peoples among other requirements. If one person from a certain group that may have wanted all the power got into office there was not a great chance that more members from that group would be elected because of the complicated voting process.

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